Icyuma cya molekuline ni ibikoresho bifite imyenge (imyobo mito cyane) yubunini bumwe

Icyuma cya molekuline ni ibikoresho bifite imyenge (imyobo mito cyane) yubunini bumwe. Iyi diameter ya pore isa nubunini na molekile nto, bityo molekile nini ntishobora kwinjira cyangwa kwamamazwa, mugihe molekile nto zishobora. Nkuko uruvange rwa molekile rwimuka ruva muburiri buhagaze bwibintu byoroshye, igice gikomeye cyiswe icyuma (cyangwa matrix), ibice byuburemere buke bwa molekile (bidashobora kunyura mumyenge ya molekile) biva muburiri mbere, hakurikiraho molekile ntoya ikurikiranye. Amashanyarazi amwe amwe akoreshwa mubunini-bwo gutandukanya chromatografiya, tekinike yo gutandukanya itandukanya molekile ukurikije ubunini bwayo. Ibindi byuma bya molekile bikoreshwa nka desiccants (ingero zimwe zirimo amakara akoreshwa na silika gel).
Diameter ya pore ya sikeli ya molekile ipimwa muri ångströms (Å) cyangwa nanometero (nm). Dukurikije inyandiko ya IUPAC, ibikoresho bya microporome bifite ibipimo bya pore bitarenze nm 2 (20 Å) kandi ibikoresho bya macroporome bifite pore diametero zirenga 50 nm (500 Å); icyiciro cya mesoporous rero kiri hagati hamwe na diametre ya pore hagati ya 2 na 50 nm (20-500 Å).
Ibikoresho
Amashanyarazi ya molekulari arashobora kuba microporome, mesoporous, cyangwa macroporous material.
Ibikoresho bito (
● Zeolite (minerval aluminosilicate, ntitwitiranya na silikate ya aluminium)
● Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
Glass Ikirahure kinini: 10 Å (1 nm), no hejuru
Carbone Carbone ikora: 0–20 Å (0-2 nm), no hejuru
Ibumba
● Montmorillonite intermixes
Oys Halloysite (endellite): Haboneka uburyo bubiri busanzwe, iyo buvanze ibumba ryerekana intera ya nm 1 yumurongo kandi iyo umwuma (meta-halloysite) intera ni 0.7 nm. Ubusanzwe Halloysite ibaho nka silinderi ntoya igereranya 30 nm ya diametre ifite uburebure buri hagati ya 0.5 na 10 micrometres.
Ibikoresho bya Mesoporous (2–50 nm)
Dioxyde ya Silicon (ikoreshwa mu gukora gelika ya silika): 24 Å (2,4 nm)
Ibikoresho bya macroporome (> 50 nm)
Silica ya Macroporous, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Porogaramu [hindura]
Amashanyarazi ya molekulari akoreshwa kenshi munganda za peteroli, cyane cyane kumisha imigezi ya gaze. Kurugero, mu nganda ya gazi isanzwe (LNG), amazi ya gaze agomba kugabanuka kugeza munsi ya 1 ppmv kugirango hirindwe inzitizi ziterwa na ice cyangwa metani clathrate.
Muri laboratoire, ibyuma bya molekile bikoreshwa mukumisha. "Sieves" byagaragaye ko iruta tekinike gakondo yo kumisha, akenshi ikoresha desiccants ikaze.
Munsi yijambo zeolite, molekile ya sikeri ikoreshwa kumurongo mugari wa catalitiki ikoreshwa. Zitera isomerisation, alkylation, na epoxidation, kandi zikoreshwa mubikorwa binini byinganda, harimo hydrocracking na fluid catalitike yamenetse.
Zikoreshwa kandi mukuyungurura ibikoresho byo mu kirere ibikoresho byo guhumeka, urugero nk'ibikoreshwa n'abashitsi ba scuba n'abashinzwe kuzimya umuriro. Mubisabwa nkibi, umwuka utangwa na compressor yo mu kirere kandi unyuzwa muyungurura ya karitsiye, bitewe na porogaramu, yuzuyemo icyuma cya molekile na / cyangwa karubone ikora, amaherezo ikoreshwa mu kwishyuza ibigega bihumeka. Akayunguruzo gashobora gukuraho uduce duto. na compressor isohora ibicuruzwa biva mu mwuka uhumeka.
Icyemezo cya FDA.
FDA yo muri Amerika FDA guhera ku ya 1 Mata 2012, yemeje sodium aluminosilicate kugira ngo ihure mu buryo butaziguye n’ibintu bikoreshwa munsi ya 21 CFR 182.2727. Mbere y’iki cyemezo Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wakoresheje ibyuma bya molekile hamwe n’imiti kandi ibizamini byigenga byerekana ko amashanyarazi ya molekile yujuje ibisabwa na leta ariko inganda ntizashakaga gutera inkunga ikizamini gihenze gisabwa kugirango leta yemerwe.
Kuvuka ubwa kabiri
Uburyo bwo kuvugurura amashanyarazi ya molekile harimo guhindura umuvuduko (nko muri konsentratori ya ogisijeni), gushyushya no gusukura hamwe na gaze yabatwara (nkigihe ikoreshwa muri dehidrasi ya Ethanol), cyangwa gushyushya munsi yumuyaga mwinshi. Ubushyuhe bushya buva kuri 175 ° C (350 ° F) kugeza kuri 315 ° C (600 ° F) bitewe n'ubwoko bwa elegitoronike. Ibinyuranye, gelika ya silika irashobora kuvugururwa no kuyishyushya mu ziko risanzwe kugeza kuri 120 ° C (250 ° F) mumasaha abiri. Nyamara, ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa silika gel "pop" mugihe ihuye namazi ahagije. Ibi biterwa no kumeneka kwa silika mugihe uhuye namazi.

Icyitegererezo	Diameter ya pore (Ångström)	Ubucucike bwinshi (g / ml)	Amazi meza (% w / w)	Gukurura cyangwa gukuramo, W.(% w / w)	Ikoreshwa
3Å	3	0.60–0.68	19–20	0.3–0.6	KurimbukaByagucamo peteroligaze na alkenes, guhitamo adsorption ya H2O muriikirahure (IG)na polyurethane, kumishaamavuta ya Ethanolyo kuvanga na lisansi.
4Å	4	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.6	Kwinjiza amazi murisodium aluminosilicatearibyo FDA yemewe (rebahepfo) ikoreshwa nka molekile ya sikeri mubikoresho byubuvuzi kugirango ibintu bikomeze kandi nkaibiryo byongera ibiryokugiraE-nimeroE-554 (umukozi wo kurwanya cake); Bikundwa no kubura umwuma muri sisitemu ifunze ya gaze cyangwa gaze, urugero, mugupakira ibiyobyabwenge, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi nimiti yangirika; gushakisha amazi muri sisitemu yo gucapa na plastike no kumisha imigezi ya hydrocarubone yuzuye. Ubwoko bwa Adsorbed burimo SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, na C3H6. Mubisanzwe bifatwa nkibikoresho byo kumisha isi yose mubitangazamakuru bya polar na polar;[12]gutandukana kwagaze gasanzwenaalkenes, adsorption y'amazi muburyo butari azotepolyurethane
5Å-DW	5	0.45–0.50	21-22	0.3–0.6	Gutesha agaciro no gusuka ingingo depression yaindege kerosenenamazutu, na alkenes gutandukana
5Å ikungahaye kuri ogisijeni nto	5	0.4–0.8	≥23		Byagenewe umwihariko kubuvuzi cyangwa ubuzima bwiza bwa ogisijeni [bikenewe]
5Å	5	0.60–0.65	20–21	0.3–0.5	Kurandura no kweza umwuka;umwumanaKuruburaya gaze gasanzwe kandigaze ya peteroli;ogisijeninahydrogenumusaruro byigitutu swing adsorptioninzira
10X	8	0.50–0.60	23-24	0.3–0.6	Sorption ikora neza, ikoreshwa mugusiba, decarburisation, desulfurizasi ya gaze namazi no gutandukanyahydrocarbon
13X	10	0.55–0.65	23-24	0.3–0.5	Kurandura, gutesha agaciro no kweza gaze ya peteroli na gaze gasanzwe
13X-AS	10	0.55–0.65	23-24	0.3–0.5	Decarburisationna desiccation mu nganda zitandukanya ikirere, gutandukanya azote na ogisijeni yibanda kuri ogisijeni
Cu-13X	10	0.50–0.60	23-24	0.3–0.5	Kuryoshya(gukurahothiols) yalisansi yindegekandi bihuyehydrocarbone

Ubushobozi bwa Adsorption

3Å

Imiti igereranya: ((K2O) 2⁄3 (Na2O) 1⁄3) • Al2O3 • 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O

Ikigereranyo cya Silica-alumina: SiO2 / Al2O3≈2

Umusaruro

3Ibikoresho bya molekile byakozwe no guhanahana cation yapotasiyumuKurisodiummuri 4A sikeri ya molekile (Reba hepfo)

Ikoreshwa

3Å sikile ya molekulari ntishobora kwamamaza molekile zifite diameter zirenze 3 Å. Ibiranga ibyo byuma bya molekile birimo umuvuduko wa adsorption yihuse, ubushobozi bwo guhindurwa kenshi, kwihanganira neza nokurwanya umwanda. Ibiranga birashobora kunoza imikorere nubuzima bwa buri cyuma. 3Å sikile ya molekile ningirakamaro ikenerwa munganda za peteroli ninganda zogutunganya amavuta, polymerisation, hamwe nubumara bwa gazi-yamazi yumye.

3Å molekile ya sikeri ikoreshwa mukumisha ibintu bitandukanye, nkaetanol, ikirere,firigo,gaze gasanzwenahydrocarbone idahagije. Iheruka harimo gucamo gaze,acetylene,Ethylene,propylenenabutadiene.

3Å icyuma cya molekile gikoreshwa mugukuraho amazi muri Ethanol, ishobora gukoreshwa nyuma nka bio-lisansi cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye kubyara ibicuruzwa bitandukanye nk'imiti, ibiryo, imiti, nibindi byinshi. Kubera ko gusiba bisanzwe bidashobora kuvanaho amazi yose (umusaruro utifuzwa kubyara umusaruro wa Ethanol) mumigezi ya Ethanol bitewe no gushiraho anazeotropehafi ya 95,6 ku ijana byibanda kuburemere, amasaro ya molekile ya elegitoronike akoreshwa mugutandukanya Ethanol namazi kurwego rwa molekile mu kwinjiza amazi mumasaro no kwemerera Ethanol kunyura mubuntu. Amasaro amaze kuzura amazi, ubushyuhe cyangwa umuvuduko birashobora gukoreshwa, bigatuma amazi arekurwa mumasaro ya molekile.[15]

3Å molekulari zibikwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba, hamwe nubushuhe bugereranije butarenze 90%. Bifunze munsi yumuvuduko ukabije, kubikwa kure yamazi, acide na alkalis.

4Å

Imiti yimiti: Na2O • Al2O3 • 2SiO2 • 9 / 2H2O

Ikigereranyo cya Silicon-aluminium: 1: 1 (SiO2 / Al2O3≈2)

Umusaruro

Umusaruro wa 4Å icyuma kiroroshye cyane kuko udasaba imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi. Mubisanzwe ibisubizo byamazi yasodium silikenasodium aluminezahujwe kuri 80 ° C. Igicuruzwa cyashizwemo "gishyirwa mubikorwa" n "" guteka "kuri 400 ° C 4A icyuma kibanziriza icyuma cya 3A na 5A binyuzeguhanahana amakuruByasodiumKuripotasiyumu(kuri 3A) cyangwacalcium(kuri 5A)

Ikoreshwa

Kuma

4Å molekile ya sikeri ikoreshwa cyane mukumisha laboratoire. Barashobora gukuramo amazi nizindi molekile zifite diameter ikomeye itarenze 4 Å nka NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, na C2H4. Zikoreshwa cyane mukumisha, gutunganya no kweza amazi na gaze (nko gutegura argon).

 

Ibikoresho bya polyester byongeweho [Hindura]

Ibyo byuma bya molekile bikoreshwa mugufasha kumesa kuko bishobora kubyara amazi yanduyecalciumion guhana, gukuraho no gukumira guta umwanda. Bakoreshwa cyane mugusimbuzafosifore. Amashanyarazi ya 4Å afite uruhare runini mu gusimbuza sodium tripolyphosphate nk'umufasha wa detergent hagamijwe kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije zangiza. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka aisabunegushiraho umukozi no muriamenyo.

Gutunganya imyanda yangiza

4Å ibishishwa bya molekile birashobora kweza imyanda yubwoko butandukanye nkaamoniumion, Pb2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 + na Cd2 +. Bitewe no guhitamo kwinshi kuri NH4 + zashyizwe mubikorwa murwego rwo kurwanaeutrophicationnizindi ngaruka mumazi y'amazi kubera ioni nyinshi ya amonium. 4Å sikile ya molekile nayo yakoreshejwe mugukuraho ioni ziremereye ziboneka mumazi kubera ibikorwa byinganda.

Izindi ntego

Uwitekainganda: gutandukanya agent, gutandukana, gukuramo potasiyumu ya brine,rubidium,cesium, n'ibindi.

Inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli,umusemburo,desiccant, adsorbent

Ubuhinzi:Ubutaka

Ubuvuzi: fata ifezazeoliteantibacterial agent.

5Å

Imiti yimiti: 0.7CaO • 0.30Na2O • Al2O3 • 2.0SiO2 • 4.5H2O

Ikigereranyo cya Silica-alumina: SiO2 / Al2O3≈2

Umusaruro

5Ibikoresho bya molekile byakozwe no guhanahana cation yacalciumKurisodiummuri 4A sikeri ya molekile (Reba hejuru)

Ikoreshwa

Batanu-ångström(5Å) amashanyarazi ya molekile akoreshwa kenshi muripeteroliinganda, cyane cyane mu kweza imigezi ya gaze no muri laboratoire ya chimie yo gutandukanaibiceno gukama reaction yo gutangira ibikoresho. Harimo utwobo duto duto duto kandi tunini, kandi dukoreshwa cyane nka adsorbent ya gaze n'amazi.

Amashanyarazi atanu-ångström akoreshwa mukumagaze gasanzwe, hamwe no gukoraKuruburanadecarbonationya gaze. Zishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gutandukanya imvange ya ogisijeni, azote na hydrogène, hamwe n’amavuta-ibishashara n-hydrocarbone na hydrocarbone ishami na polycyclic.

Amashanyarazi atanu-ångström abikwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba, hamwe naugereranije n'ubushuhemunsi ya 90% mubikarito cyangwa ibipapuro. Amashanyarazi ya molekile ntagomba guhita ahura n'umwuka n'amazi, acide na alkalis bigomba kwirindwa.

Morphologiya ya sikeli

Amashanyarazi ya molekulari arahari muburyo butandukanye. Ariko amasaro ya sherfike afite inyungu kurenza izindi shusho kuko zitanga umuvuduko muke, zirwanya attrition kuko zidafite impande zisharira, kandi zifite imbaraga nziza, ni ukuvuga imbaraga zo kumenagura zisabwa kuri buri gice kiri hejuru. Amashanyarazi amwe n'amwe ya elegitoronike atanga ubushyuhe buke bityo ingufu zikenerwa mugihe cyo kuvuka.

Iyindi nyungu yo gukoresha amashanyarazi ya sikeli ni ubwinshi bwubwinshi buri hejuru kurenza ubundi buryo, kubwibyo rero adsorption imwe isabwa ya molekile ya elegitoronike isabwa ni mike. Rero, mugihe ukora de-bottlenecking, umuntu arashobora gukoresha amashanyarazi ya molekile yamashanyarazi, yikoreza adsorbent nyinshi mubunini bumwe, kandi akirinda guhindura ubwato.