Urusenda rwa molekile ni ikintu gifite imyenge (utwenge duto cyane) dufite ingano imwe. Utu duce tw’imyenge ingano yatwo isa n’iya molekile nto, bityo molekile nini ntizishobora kwinjira cyangwa ngo ziyogoshwe, mu gihe molekile nto zishobora kubikora. Uko uruvange rw’uturemangingo rugenda runyura mu mwanya uhagaze w’ibintu bifite imyenge kandi bikomeye byitwa urusenda (cyangwa matrix), ibice bifite uburemere bwa molekile (bidashobora kwinjira mu myenge ya molekile) bibanza kuva mu mwanya wabyo, bigakurikirwa n’uturemangingo duto twikurikiranya. Utusenda tumwe na tumwe twa molekile dukoreshwa muri chromatography y’ingano-itandukaniro, uburyo bwo gutandukanya molekile hashingiwe ku bunini bwazo. Izindi molekile zikoreshwa nk’ibice bigabanya ubushyuhe (ingero zimwe zirimo amakara akoreshwa na gel ya silica).
Umurambararo w'imyenge y'urushundura rwa molekile upimirwa muri ångströms (Å) cyangwa nanometero (nm). Dukurikije inyandiko ya IUPAC, ibikoresho bifite imyenge mito bifite uburebure bw'imyenge buri munsi ya 2 nm (20 Å) naho ibikoresho bifite imyenge mito bifite uburebure bw'imyenge burenga 50 nm (500 Å); bityo icyiciro cya mesoporous kiri hagati aho uburebure bw'imyenge buri hagati ya 2 na 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Ibikoresho
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile dushobora kuba dufite imyenge mito, imyenge itose cyangwa imyenge mito.
Ibikoresho bifite imyenge mikorobe (
●Zeolite (amabuye y'agaciro ya aluminosilicate, ntabwo byakwitiranywa na silicate ya aluminiyumu)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Ikirahure gifite imyenge: 10 Å (1 nm), no hejuru
●Karuboni ikora: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), no hejuru
●Ibumba
●Ibivange bya Montmorillonite
●Halloysite (endellite): Hari amoko abiri asanzwe aboneka, iyo ibumba ritose, rigira intera ya nanometero 1 hagati y’ibice, naho iyo ritose (meta-halloysite) intera iba 0.7 nanometero. Halloysite ibaho nk'udusimba duto dufite umurambararo wa nanometero 30, uburebure bukaba hagati ya mikorometero 0.5 na 10.
Ibikoresho bito (2–50 nm)
Dioxide ya silikoni (ikoreshwa mu gukora gel ya silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Ibikoresho bifite imyenge minini (>50 nm)
Silica ifite imiyoboro minini, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Porogaramu [kosora]
Uduce duto dukoreshwa mu nganda zikora peteroli, cyane cyane mu kumisha imiyoboro ya gaze. Urugero, mu nganda zikora gaze karemano (LNG), amazi agomba kugabanywa akagera munsi ya 1 ppmv kugira ngo hirindwe ko hashobora kuziba bitewe n'urubura cyangwa methane clathrate.
Muri laboratwari, utuyunguruzo twa molekile dukoreshwa mu kumisha umuti. "Utuyunguruzo" twagaragaye ko ari two dukomeye kurusha uburyo gakondo bwo kumisha, akenshi bukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana.
Mu ijambo zeolite, utuyunguruzo twa molekile dukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukamura. Dukangura isomerization, alkylation, na epoxidation, kandi dukoreshwa mu nganda nini, harimo gukamura amazi no gukamura amazi.
Zikoreshwa kandi mu kuyungurura umwuka ukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo guhumeka, urugero nk'izikoreshwa n'abakoresha scuba n'abazimya umuriro. Muri ubwo buryo, umwuka utangwa na compressor y'umwuka hanyuma ukanyuzwa muri cartridge filter, bitewe n'uko ikoreshwa, yuzuzwamo molekile sieve cyangwa activated carbon, amaherezo igakoreshwa mu gushyira ingufu mu bigega by'umwuka bihumeka. Ubwo buryo bushobora gukuraho utuntu duto n'ibicuruzwa bisohora umwuka biva muri compressor mu mwuka uhumeka.
Kwemererwa na FDA.
Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya indwara zandura muri Amerika (FDA) cyamaze kwemeza ko aluminiyumu ya sodium ikoreshwa mu gukorana n’ibintu bishobora gukoreshwa ku gipimo cya 21 CFR 182.2727. Mbere y’uko iki cyemezo gitangwa, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi wakoresheje utuyunguruzo twa molekile hamwe n’imiti kandi ibizamini byigenga byagaragaje ko utuyunguruzo twa molekile twujuje ibisabwa byose na leta ariko inganda ntizari zarashatse gutera inkunga ibizamini bihenze byasabwaga kugira ngo leta yemererwe.
Kuvugurura
Uburyo bwo kuvugurura imiyoboro ya molekile harimo guhindura umuvuduko (nk'uko bigenda mu gushyushya ogisijeni), gushyushya no gusukura hakoreshejwe umwuka utwara (nk'uko bikoreshwa mu kubura umwuka wa ethanoli), cyangwa gushyushya munsi y'umwuka mwinshi. Ubushyuhe bwo kuvugurura buri hagati ya 175 °C (350 °F) na 315 °C (600 °F) bitewe n'ubwoko bw'imiyoboro ya molekile. Mu buryo bunyuranye, gel ya silica ishobora kuvugururwa ishyushye mu itanura risanzwe kugeza kuri 120 °C (250 °F) mu gihe cy'amasaha abiri. Ariko, hari ubwoko bwa gel ya silica "izamuka" iyo ishyizwe mu mazi ahagije. Ibi biterwa no kwangirika kw'imiyoboro ya silica iyo igeze ku mazi.
| Icyitegererezo | Umurambararo w'imyenge (Ångström) | Ubucucike bw'umubyimba (g/ml) | Amazi yinjiye mu mazi (% w/w) | Imikoreshereze | |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Gusukurabyagucika kw'ibikomoka kuri peteroligaze na alkenes, uburyo bwo guhitamo H2O muikirahure gishyushye (IG)na polyurethane, kumishalisansi ya ethanolikuvanga na lisansi. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Kunywa amazi murisodium aluminosilicatebyemewe na FDA (rebamunsi) ikoreshwa nk'urushundura rw'ingirabuzimafatizo mu bikoresho by'ubuvuzi kugira ngo ibikubiye muri ibyo bikoresho bigume byumye kandi nk'ukoinyongeramusaruro ku biribwakugiraNimero ya eE-554 (umuti urwanya gufunga); Ikunda gukoreshwa mu gusukura amazi mu buryo bufunze mu mazi cyangwa mu mwuka, urugero, mu gupfunyika imiti, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'imiti ibora; gukusanya amazi mu buryo bwo gucapa no muri pulasitiki no kumisha imigezi yuzuye ya hydrocarbon. Ubwoko bw'ibintu byinjiramo birimo SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, na C3H6. Muri rusange ifatwa nk'umuti usanzwe wo kumisha mu buryo busanzwe mu byuma bifunganye n'ibitari ikirere;[12]gutandukana kwagaze karemanonaalkenes, kwinjiza amazi mu bintu bidaterwa na azotepolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Gukuraho amavuta no gutakaza aho umuntu akuraindege peterolinamazutu, no gutandukana kwa alkenes |
| 5Å ikungahaye kuri ogisijeni nto | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Yagenewe by'umwihariko igikoresho cy'umwuka gitanga umwuka mwiza cyangwa gitanga umwuka mwiza [hakenewe icyitonderwa] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | Gusukura no gusukura umwuka;umwumanagukurwaho isukaribya gaze karemano nagaze y'amazi ya peteroli;ogisijeninaiy'hydrogenumusaruro wakozwe nauburyo bwo gukurura umuvudukoinzira |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | Gusukura neza cyane, bikoreshwa mu gusukura, gukuraho karubone, gusukura gazi n'ibinyabutabire no gutandukanyahydrocarbon ihumura neza |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Gukuraho gazi ikomoka kuri peteroli, kuyikuraho isukari no kuyisukura |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Gukuraho karuboneno gucika kw'umwuka mu nganda zitandukanya umwuka, gutandukanya azote na ogisijeni mu bicukura umwuka wa ogisijeni |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Gushyiramo uburyohe(gukurahothiols) byalisansi y'indegen'ibijyanye nabyohydrocarboni y'amazi |
Ubushobozi bwo kunyuzamo amazi
3Å
Ifishi y'imiti igereranyijwe: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Igipimo cya silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Umusaruro
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile 3A dukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinduranya cationpotasiyumukurisodiyumumu tuyunguruzo twa molekile 4A (Reba hepfo)
Imikoreshereze
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile 3Å ntabwo dukurura molekile zifite umurambararo urenze 3Å. Ibiranga utu twuyunguruzo twa molekile birimo umuvuduko wo kwinjiza vuba, ubushobozi bwo kongera kuvugurura kenshi, ubushobozi bwo gusya neza nokurwanya ihumana. Izi ngingo zishobora kunoza imikorere n'ubuzima bw'urucunge. Uduce twa molekile twa 3Å ni two dukenewe mu nganda za peteroli n'ibinyabutabire mu gutunganya peteroli, polimeri, no kumisha ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi n'ibinyabutabire.
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile 3Å dukoreshwa mu kumisha ibikoresho bitandukanye, nkoetanoli, umwuka,ibikonjesha,gaze karemanonakarubone zidafite amazi menshiIbi bya nyuma birimo imyuka icikagurika,asetilini,ethylene,poropilinenabutadiene.
Urusenda rwa molekile rwa 3Å rukoreshwa mu gukura amazi muri ethanol, nyuma rushobora gukoreshwa nk'amavuta ya bio-fuel cyangwa mu buryo butaziguye mu gukora ibintu bitandukanye nk'imiti, ibiribwa, imiti, n'ibindi. Kubera ko gusya amazi bisanzwe bidashobora gukura amazi yose (ibikomoka ku ikorwa rya ethanol) mu miyoboro y'amazi ya ethanol bitewe n'ikorwa ry'ikintuazeotropeKu kigero cya 95.6 ku ijana ukurikije uburemere, amasaro yo mu bwoko bwa molecular sieve akoreshwa mu gutandukanya ethanol n'amazi ku rugero rwa molecular binyuze mu kwinjiza amazi mu masaro no gutuma ethanol inyura mu buryo bwihuse. Iyo amasaro yuzuye amazi, ubushyuhe cyangwa igitutu bishobora guhindurwa, bigatuma amazi asohoka mu masaro yo mu bwoko bwa molecular sieve.[15]
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile 3Å tubikwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, hamwe n'ubushyuhe butarenze 90%. Bifunze neza iyo umuvuduko wagabanutse, bikabikwa kure y'amazi, aside na alkali.
4Å
Formule y'imiti: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Igipimo cya silicon-aluminium: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Umusaruro
Gukora urusyo rwa 4Å biroroshye cyane kuko bidasaba umuvuduko mwinshi cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Ubusanzwe, ibisubizo by'amazi byasodiyumu silicatenaaluminate ya sodiyumubihuzwa kuri 80 °C. Umuti watewemo umuti "ukoreshwa" "guteka" kuri 400 °C. Uduce twa 4A dukora nk'intangiriro y'uduce twa 3A na 5A binyuze muriihanahana rya kasiyobyasodiyumukuripotasiyumu(kuri 3A) cyangwakalisiyumu(kuri 5A)
Imikoreshereze
Ibikoresho byumutsa
Uduce twa molekile twa 4Å dukoreshwa cyane mu kumisha ibintu bisukura muri laboratwari. Dushobora kwinjiza amazi n'izindi molekile zifite umurambararo w'ingenzi uri munsi ya 4Å nka NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, na C2H4. Dukoreshwa cyane mu kumisha, gutunganya no gusukura ibinyobwa na gaze (nk'itegurwa rya argon).
Inyongeramusaruro za polyester [Guhindura]
Izi mashini ziyungurura zikoreshwa mu gufasha isabune kuko zishobora gukora amazi adafite imyunyungugu binyuze mukalisiyumuguhinduranya iyoni, gukuraho no gukumira ko umwanda ukomeza kwiyongera. Bikoreshwa cyane mu gusimbuzafosifore. Uruzingo rwa molekile rwa 4Å rugira uruhare runini mu gusimbuza sodium tripolyphosphate nk'inyongera mu isabune kugira ngo igabanye ingaruka z'isabune ku bidukikije. Rushobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'umutiisabuneigikoresho cyo gukora no muriumuti w'amenyo.
Gutunganya imyanda yangiza
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile 4Å dushobora gusukura imyanda y'ubwoko bwa cationic nkaamoniyumuiyoni, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ na Cd2+. Kubera ko NH4+ itoranywa cyane, byakoreshejwe neza mu rugamba rwo kurwanyaeutrophicationn'izindi ngaruka mu nzira z'amazi bitewe n'inguni nyinshi za ammonium. Utuyunguruzo twa molekile twa 4Å twakoreshejwe mu gukuraho inguni zikomeye z'icyuma ziba mu mazi bitewe n'ibikorwa by'inganda.
Izindi ntego
Itsindainganda z'ibyuma: ikintu gitandukanya, gutandukanya, gukuramo potasiyumu y'amazi y'umunyu,rubidium,cesiumn'ibindi.
Inganda za peteroli,katalisiti,umuti wo koza uruhu, inyunganiramirire
Ubuhinzi:icyuma gitera ubutaka
Umuti: ifeza yo mu bwoko bwa loadzeoliteumuti urwanya udukoko.
5Å
Formule y'imiti: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Igipimo cya silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Umusaruro
5Utuyunguruzo twa molekile dukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhinduranya cationkalisiyumukurisodiyumumu tuyunguruzo twa molekile 4A (Reba hejuru)
Imikoreshereze
Gatanu-ångström(5Å) utuyunguruzo twa molekile dukunze gukoreshwa muripeteroliinganda, cyane cyane mu gusukura imiyoboro ya gaze no muri laboratwari y'ubutabire mu gutandukanyaibinyabutabiren'ibikoresho byo gutangiza ibikorwa by'ubwumishe. Bifite utwenge duto dufite ingano nyayo kandi ingana, kandi ahanini bikoreshwa nk'umuyoboro w'imyuka n'ibinyobwa.
Uduce duto twa molekile dukoreshwa mu kumishagaze karemano, hamwe no gukoragukurwaho isukarinagukuraho karubonebya gaze. Bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gutandukanya uruvange rwa ogisijeni, azote na hydrogen, hamwe n’ibisigazwa by’amavuta n’ibisigazwa by’amazi ...
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile dutanu-ångström tubikwa ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, hamweubushuhe bugereranyemunsi ya 90% mu dusanduku tw’amakarito cyangwa mu mapaki y’amakarito. Utuyunguruzo twa molekile ntitugomba gushyirwa mu mwuka no mu mazi, aside na alkali bigomba kwirindwa.
Imiterere y'utuyunguruzo twa molekile
Uduce duto twa molekile turaboneka mu buryo n'ingano zitandukanye. Ariko utu duce duto dufite akamaro kurusha utundi kuko dutanga umuvuduko muke, ntidushobora gucika kuko tudafite impande zisongoye, kandi dufite imbaraga nziza, ni ukuvuga imbaraga zisabwa kuri buri gice cy'imashini ziba nyinshi. Uduce duto twa molekile dufite amasaro dutanga ubushobozi bwo gushyuha buke bityo bigatuma ingufu zigabanuka mu gihe cyo kongera kuvugurura.
Ikindi cyiza cyo gukoresha utuyunguruzo twa molekile dufite amasaro ni uko ubucucike bw'ibice byinshi bukunze kuba buri hejuru y'ubundi bwoko, bityo kugira ngo umuntu amenye uko abishaka, ingano y'utuyunguruzo twa molekile iba nto. Bityo, mu gihe umuntu akuraho amabotolo, ashobora gukoresha utuyunguruzo twa molekile dufite amasaro, agashyiramo utuyunguruzo twinshi mu bunini bumwe, kandi akirinda guhindura imiyoboro y'amazi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 18 Nyakanga-2023
