Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutunganya isi yose, ibipimo byibikomoka kuri peteroli bigenda byiyongera, hamwe no kwiyongera gukenerwa kubikoresho fatizo byimiti, ikoreshwa rya catalizike itunganya ibintu ryagiye ryiyongera. Muri byo, iterambere ryihuse ni mu bukungu bushya no mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
Bitewe nibikoresho bitandukanye, ibicuruzwa nibikoresho byububiko bwa buri ruganda, kugirango ukoreshe ibintu byinshi bigamije kubona ibicuruzwa byiza cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo bya chimique, guhitamo catalizator hamwe no guhuza neza cyangwa guhitamo bishobora gukemura ibibazo byingenzi byinganda zitandukanye kandi ibikoresho bitandukanye.
Mu myaka yashize, muri Aziya ya pasifika, Afurika no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati, umubare w’ibikoreshwa n’ubwiyongere bw’imisemburo yose, harimo gutunganya, polymerisiyonike, sintezike y’imiti, nibindi birenze ibyo mu turere twateye imbere mu Burayi no muri Amerika.
Mu bihe biri imbere, kwagura hydrogène ya lisansi izaba nini cyane, ikurikirwa no hagati ya hydrogène yo hagati, FCC, isomerisation, hydrocracking, hydrogenation ya naphtha, amavuta aremereye (amavuta asigaye) hydrogenation, alkylation (superposition), ivugurura, nibindi, hamwe nibyo bijyanye cataliste isabwa nayo iziyongera bijyanye.
Nyamara, kubera uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha amavuta atandukanye yo gutunganya amavuta, ingano ya catalizike itunganya amavuta ntishobora kwiyongera hamwe no kwagura ubushobozi. Dukurikije imibare yagurishijwe ku isoko, igurishwa ryinshi ni catalizatori ya hydrogène (hydrotreating na hydrocracking, bingana na 46% bya bose), ikurikirwa na catisale ya FCC (40%), ikurikirwa no kuvugurura catalizike (8%), catisale ya alkylation (5%) n'abandi (1%).
Dore ibintu by'ingenzi biranga catalizator kuva mu bigo byinshi bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga:
Ibigo 10 bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga
1. Grace Davison, Amerika
Grace Corporation yashinzwe mu 1854 ikaba ifite icyicaro i Columbia, Maryland. Grace Davidson nuyoboye isi mubushakashatsi nogukora catalizike ya FCC kandi niwe mutanga amasoko manini ku isi ya FCC na hydrogenation catalizaires.
Isosiyete ifite ibice bibiri bikora ubucuruzi ku isi, Grace Davison na Grace Specialty Chemical, hamwe n’ibice umunani bigabanywa. Mu bucuruzi bwa Grace Davidson harimo catalizike ya FCC, catalizatori ya hydrotreating, catalizator yihariye harimo na polyolefin catalizator hamwe nabatwara catalizator, hamwe nibikoresho bya injeniyeri bishingiye kuri silikoni cyangwa siliki-aluminiyumu ibikoresho byubwubatsi byifashishwa mubitangazamakuru bya digitale ku mpapuro, icapiro, inkjet. Ubucuruzi bwa hydrotreating cataliste bukorwa na ART, isosiyete ikora imishinga.
2, Albemarle Imiti yihariye y'Abanyamerika (ALbemarle) Itsinda
Mu 1887, Arbel Paper Company yashinzwe i Richmond, muri Virijiniya.
Mu 2004, ubucuruzi bwa catalizike ya peteroli ya Akzo-Nobel bwaraguzwe, bwinjira kumugaragaro murwego rwo gutunganya peteroli, maze bushiraho ishami ryubucuruzi bwa catalizike hamwe na catisale polyolefin; Ba uwakabiri muri catalizike ya FCC itanga umusaruro kwisi.
Kugeza ubu, ifite inganda zirenga 20 zitanga umusaruro muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Uburayi, Uburasirazuba bwo hagati, Amerika y'Epfo, Ubuyapani n'Ubushinwa.
Arpels ifite ibigo 8 bya R&D mubihugu 5 n'ibiro byo kugurisha mubihugu birenga 40. Nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gikora ibicuruzwa biva mu kirere, bikoresha imikoreshereze ya buri munsi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, imiti, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, inganda z’imodoka, ubwubatsi n’ibikoresho byo gupakira.
Ubucuruzi nyamukuru burimo polymer wongeyeho, catalizator hamwe na chimie nziza ibice bitatu.
Hariho ubwoko bune bwingenzi bwinyongera bwa polymer: retardants flame, antioxydants, imiti ikiza na stabilisateur;
Ubucuruzi bwa Catalyst bufite ibice bitatu: gutunganya catalizator, catisale polyolefin, cataliste;
Imiti myiza yubucuruzi Ibigize: imiti ikora (amarangi, alumina), imiti myiza (imiti ya bromine, imiti ya peteroli) hamwe nabahuza (farumasi, imiti yica udukoko).
Mu bice bitatu by’ubucuruzi by’isosiyete ya Alpels, amafaranga yinjira mu mwaka y’inyongeramusaruro ya polymer yahoze ari menshi, agakurikirwa na catalizator, kandi amafaranga yagurishijwe y’imiti myiza yari make, ariko mu myaka ibiri ishize, amafaranga yinjiza buri mwaka y’umusemburo; ubucuruzi bwagiye bwiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi kuva 2008, bwarenze ubucuruzi bwa polymer.
Ubucuruzi bwa Catalyst nigice cyingenzi cyubucuruzi bwa Arpell. Arpels nimwe mu bihugu bya kabiri ku isi bitanga hydrotreating catalizaires (30% byumugabane wamasoko kwisi) kandi numwe mubambere batatu ba mbere batanga catalitike itanga catalizator kwisi.
3. Imiti ya Dow
Dow Chemical ni isosiyete ikora imiti itandukanye ifite icyicaro i Michigan, muri Amerika, yashinzwe mu 1897 na Herbert Henry Dow. Ikora ibirindiro 214 mu bihugu 37, ifite ubwoko bwibicuruzwa birenga 5.000, bikoreshwa cyane mubice birenga 10 nkimodoka, ibikoresho byubaka, amashanyarazi, nubuvuzi. Mu mwaka wa 2009, Dow yashyize ku mwanya wa 127 kuri Fortune Global 500 na 34 kuri Fortune National 500. Ku bijyanye n'umutungo wose, ni isosiyete ya kabiri ikora imiti ku isi, ikaza ku mwanya wa kabiri nyuma ya DuPont Chemical yo muri Amerika; Ku bijyanye n’amafaranga yinjira buri mwaka, nabwo ni uruganda rwa kabiri mu isi rukora imiti, nyuma y’Ubudage BASF; Abakozi barenga 46.000 kwisi yose; Igabanijwemo ibice 7 byubucuruzi kubwoko bwibicuruzwa: Plastiki ikora, Imiti ikora, ubumenyi bwubuhinzi, plastike, imiti yibanze, Hydrocarbone ningufu, Umurwa mukuru wa Venture. Ubucuruzi bwa Catalizike ni igice cyimikorere yimiti.
Cataliseri ya Dow irimo: NORMAX cat catalizike ya karubone; METEOR ™ umusemburo wa Ethylene oxyde / Ethylene glycol; SHAC ™ na SHAC ™ ADT polypropilene itanga; DOWEX ™ QCAT ™ bisphenol Umusemburo; Nibintu biza ku isonga mu gukora ibicuruzwa bya polypropilene.
4. ExxonMobil
Exxonmobil nisosiyete nini ya peteroli nini ku isi, ifite icyicaro i Texas, muri Amerika. Isosiyete yahoze yitwa Exxon Corporation na Mobil Corporation, yahujwe kandi ivugururwa ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 1999. Iyi sosiyete kandi ni isosiyete ikuru ya ExxonMobil, Mobil na Esso ku isi hose.
Exxon yashinzwe mu 1882, isosiyete nini ya peteroli nini muri Amerika kandi ni imwe mu masosiyete arindwi akomeye kandi ashaje cyane ku isi. Mobil Corporation yashinzwe mu 1882, isosiyete ikora ibihugu byinshi ihuza ubushakashatsi niterambere, gutunganya no gutunganya peteroli.
Exxon na Mobil bafite icyicaro gikuru i Houston, icyicaro gikuru i Fairfax, hamwe nicyicaro gikuru i Irving, muri Texas. Exxon ifite 70% by'isosiyete na Mobil ifite 30%. Exxonmobil, ibinyujije mu mashami yayo, kuri ubu ikorera mu bihugu n'intara bigera kuri 200 ku isi kandi ikoresha abantu barenga 80.000.
Ibicuruzwa nyamukuru bya Exxonmobil birimo peteroli na gaze, ibikomoka kuri peteroli n’ibicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli, nicyo kinini cya olefins monomer n’umusaruro wa polyolefin, harimo Ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropilene; Ubucuruzi bwa catalizator ni ubwa ExxonMobil Chemical. Imiti ya Exxonmobil igabanyijemo ibice bine byubucuruzi: polymers, firime ya polymer, ibicuruzwa bya chimique nikoranabuhanga, na catalizator ni mubice byikoranabuhanga.
UNIVATION, umushinga uhuriweho na 50-50 hagati ya ExxonMobil na Dow Chemical Company, ufite ikoranabuhanga rya UNIPOL ™ polyethylene ikora na UCAT ™ na XCAT ™ byitwa polyolefin.
5. Uruganda rwa UOP ku bicuruzwa bikomoka kuri peteroli
Yashinzwe mu 1914 ikaba ifite icyicaro i Desprine, Illinois, Ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku isi ni isosiyete ikora ku isi. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2005, UOP yabaye ishami rya Honeywell ryuzuye mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi bwihariye bwa Honeywell.
UOP ikora mu bice umunani: ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu na Shimi, adsorbents, ibicuruzwa byihariye n’ibicuruzwa byabigenewe, gutunganya peteroli, Aromatics n’ibiyikomokaho, umurongo wa alkyl benzene na olefine igezweho, olefine yoroheje n’ibikoresho, gutunganya gaze gasanzwe, na serivisi.
UOP itanga igishushanyo mbonera, ubwubatsi, serivisi zubujyanama, gutanga impushya na serivisi, ikoranabuhanga ritunganya no gukora catalizator, sikile ya molekile, adsorbents nibikoresho byihariye byo gutunganya peteroli, inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli na naturiki, hamwe nimpushya 65 zikoranabuhanga.
UOP nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gitanga zeolite na aluminium fosifate zeolite hamwe n’ibicuruzwa birenga 150 bya zeolite yo kuvoma amazi, kuvanaho umwanda w’ibicuruzwa no gutandukanya ibicuruzwa bya gaze n’ibikoresho bitemba. Ubushobozi bwo gukora buri mwaka bwa sikeli ya molekile igera kuri toni 70.000. Mu rwego rwa molekile ya sikeri yamamaza, UOP ifite 70% byimigabane yisi yose.
UOP kandi n’umusaruro munini ku isi wa alumina, ufite ibicuruzwa birimo pseudo-alumina, beta-alumina, gamma-alumina na α-alumina, bitanga alumina ikora na aluminium / silika-aluminium itwara ibintu.
UOP ifite patenti zirenga 9000 kwisi yose kandi yubatse ibikoresho bigera ku 4000 ukoresheje patenti zayo mubihugu birenga 80. Mirongo itandatu kwijana rya lisansi kwisi ikorwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya UOP. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cyimyanda ibora kwisi ikorwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya UOP. Mubikorwa 36 byingenzi byo gutunganya bikoreshwa muruganda rwa peteroli, 31 byakozwe na UOP. Kugeza ubu, UOP ikora ibicuruzwa bigera ku 100 bitandukanye bya catalizator hamwe na adsorbent ku ikoranabuhanga ryayo ryemewe ndetse n’andi masosiyete, akoreshwa mu gutunganya inganda nko kuvugurura, isomerisation, hydrocracking, hydrofining na okiside desulfurizasi, ndetse no mu bucukuzi bwa peteroli harimo no gukora aromatiya. (benzene, toluene na xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene na cyclohexane.
UOP nyamukuru itanga harimo: catalitiki ivugurura catalizike, C4 isomerisation, C5 na C6 catalizator, catisale ya xylene isomerisation, catalizator hydrocracking ifite ubwoko bubiri bwa hydrocracking na hydrocracking yoroheje, catalizator hydrotreating, catisale ya peteroli, kugarura gazi umurizo hamwe nandi mavuta gutunganya amatangazo.
6, ART isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga itunganya Amerika
Iterambere ryiza ryo gutunganya ryashinzwe mu 2001 nkumushinga wa 50-50 uhuriweho na Chevron Oil Products na Grace-Davidson. ART yashinzwe guhuza imbaraga zikoranabuhanga za Grace na Chevron mugutezimbere no kugurisha catisale ya hydrogène mu nganda zitunganya isi, kandi niyo itanga ingufu za hydrogenation nini ku isi, itanga ibice birenga 50% bya catisale ya hydrogenation ku isi.
ART ihuza ibicuruzwa na serivisi binyuze mu mashami agurisha n'ibiro bya Grace Corporation na Chevron Corporation ku isi.
ART ifite inganda enye zitanga umusaruro hamwe nikigo kimwe cyubushakashatsi. ART ikora catalizator ya hydrocracking, hydrocracking yoroheje, isomerisation dewaxing, ivugurura rya isomerisation na hydrofining.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi birimo Isocracking® ya isomerisation, Isofinishing® ya isomerisation, hydrocracking, hydrocracking yoroheje, hydrofining, hydrotreating, hydrotreating isigaye.
7. Univation Inc.
Univation yashinzwe mu 1997 ikaba ifite icyicaro i Houston, muri Texas, ni umushinga uhuriweho na 50:50 hagati ya ExxonMobil Chemical Company na Dow Chemical Company.
Univation izobereye mu ihererekanyabubasha rya UNIPOL ™ fumed polyethylene ikora na catalizator, kandi ni yo itanga uruhushya rw’ikoranabuhanga ku isi kandi itanga isoko ku isi mu gutanga inganda za polyethylene. Nibintu bya kabiri ku isi bikora kandi bitanga catalizike ya polyethylene, bingana na 30% by isoko ryisi. Cataliseri y’isosiyete ikorerwa mu kigo cyayo cya Mont Belvieu, Seadrift na Freeport muri Texas.
Univation yo gukora polyethylene ikora, izwi nka UNIPOL ™, kuri ubu ifite imirongo irenga 100 ya polyethylene ikora cyangwa irimo kubakwa hifashishijwe UNIPOL ™ mu bihugu 25, bingana na 25% by’isi yose.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi ni: 1) UCAT cat catalizike ya chromium na catalizike ya Ziegler-Natta; 2) XCAT cat metallocene cataliste, izina ryubucuruzi EXXPOL; 3) PRODIGY ™ Cataliste ya Bimodal; 4) UT ™ itanga umusemburo.
8. BASF
Icyicaro gikuru i Munich, mu Budage, BASF ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye ku isi y’imiti ihuriweho n’ibicuruzwa bifite ibicuruzwa birenga 8000, birimo imiti yongerewe agaciro, plastiki, amarangi, ibinyabiziga bitwikiriye, imiti ikingira ibimera, imiti, imiti myiza, peteroli na gaze.
Basf n’umusaruro munini ku isi ukora anhydride ya manic, aside acrylic, aniline, caprolactam na styrene ifuro. Polypropilene, polystirene, alcool ya hydroxyl nibindi bicuruzwa biza ku mwanya wa kabiri kwisi; Ethylbenzene, umusaruro wa styrene uri ku mwanya wa gatatu kwisi. Basf ni kimwe mu bihugu bitanga inyongeramusaruro ku isi, harimo vitamine mono-vitamine, vitamine nyinshi, karotenoide, lysine, imisemburo ndetse no kubungabunga ibiryo.
Basf ifite ibice bitandatu byubucuruzi: Imiti, Plastike, Ibisubizo bikora, Ibicuruzwa bikora, Ubuhinzi n’amavuta na gaze.
Basf nisosiyete yonyine kwisi ikubiyemo ubucuruzi bwa catalizator yose, hamwe nubwoko burenga 200 bwa catalizator. Harimo cyane cyane: catalizike yo gutunganya amavuta (catalizike ya FCC), catalizike yimodoka, catalizike yimiti (cataliste ya chromium na catalizike ya ruthenium, nibindi), catalizator yo kurengera ibidukikije, catisale ya okiside dehydrogenation hamwe na catisale ya dehydrogenation.
Basf ni igihugu cya kabiri mu bihugu bitanga umusaruro wa catalizike ya FCC, hafi 12% by'umugabane w'isoko ku isi mu gutunganya catalizaires.
9. BP Isosiyete ikora peteroli mu Bwongereza
BP ni imwe mu masosiyete manini ku isi azamuka kandi amanuka ahuriweho n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, afite icyicaro i Londere mu Bwongereza; Ubucuruzi bw'isosiyete bukubiyemo ibihugu n'uturere birenga 100, birimo gushakisha peteroli na gaze no kubyaza umusaruro, gutunganya no kwamamaza, ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu bice bitatu by'ingenzi; BP igabanyijemo ibice bitatu byubucuruzi: Gucukumbura peteroli na gazi Gucukumbura no gutunganya, gutunganya no kwamamaza, nubundi bucuruzi (ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu na Marine). Ubucuruzi bwa BP ni igice cyo gutunganya no kwamamaza.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli birimo ibyiciro bibiri, icyiciro cya mbere ni ibicuruzwa bya aromatic na acetike acide, cyane cyane harimo PTA, PX na acide acike; Icyiciro cya kabiri ni olefine n'ibiyikomokaho, cyane cyane birimo Ethylene, propylene n'ibicuruzwa bikomoka hasi. PTA ya BP (ibikoresho nyamukuru bibyara umusaruro wa polyester), PX (ibikoresho fatizo byingenzi byo gukora PTA) hamwe nubushobozi bwa acide acike biza kumwanya wa mbere kwisi. BP yateje imbere tekinoroji yihariye yumusaruro wa PX ishingiye kuri catisale yihariye ya isomerisation hamwe na tekinoroji ya kristu. BP ifite ikoranabuhanga rya mbere ryemewe mu gukora aside aside ya Cativa®.
BP ya olefins n'ibiyakomokaho biherereye cyane mubushinwa na Maleziya.
10, Sud-Chemie Ubudage bwo mu majyepfo yimiti
Yashinzwe mu 1857, Uruganda rukora imiti n’amajyepfo n’indashyikirwa mu buhanga mpuzamahanga bw’imiti y’imiti ifite urutonde rw’imyaka irenga 150, ifite icyicaro i Munich, mu Budage.
Uruganda rukora imiti rwa Nanfang rufite mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye rufite ibigo 77 byunganira byose, harimo amasosiyete 5 yo mu gihugu cy’Ubudage, amasosiyete 72 y’amahanga, ni aya adsorbent na catalizator ibice bibiri, kubijyanye na peteroli, gutunganya ibiryo, ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi, guta, gutunganya amazi, kurengera ibidukikije nizindi nganda kugirango zitange umusaruro-mwinshi, adsorbent nibicuruzwa byongeweho nibisubizo.
Ubucuruzi bwa catalizike ya Nanfang Chemical Company ni iy'igice cya catalizator. Igabana rigizwe na Catalyst Technology, Ingufu n Ibidukikije.
Igice cya Catalyst Technology kigabanyijemo amatsinda ane yubucuruzi ku isi: cataliste ya reaction ya chimique, catalizike ya peteroli, catalizike itunganya amavuta na catisime ya polymerisation.
Ubwoko bwa catalizator ya Nanfang Chemical ahanini burimo: ibikoresho byo kweza ibikoresho fatizo, petroimiti ya chimique, catalizike ya chimique, catalizike yo gutunganya amavuta, catisale ya olefin polymerisation, catalizator yoza ikirere, catisale ya lisansi.
Icyitonderwa: Kugeza ubu, Uruganda rukora imiti (SUD-Chemie) rwaguzwe na Clariant!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-17-2023
