Bitewe n’uko ubushobozi bwo gutunganya peteroli ku isi bukomeje kwiyongera, amahame agenga ibikomoka kuri peteroli agenda arushaho gukomera, ndetse n’ubwiyongere bukomeje bw’ibikenewe mu bikoresho fatizo bya chimique, ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire byo gutunganya peteroli ryakomeje kwiyongera. Muri byo, iterambere ryihuse riri mu bukungu bushya no mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere.
Bitewe n'ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye, ibicuruzwa n'imiterere y'ibikoresho bya buri ruganda, kugira ngo hakoreshwe imashini zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu zigamije cyane kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro ukwiye cyangwa ibikoresho fatizo bya chimique, guhitamo imashini zikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibintu zinoze cyangwa zihitamo neza bishobora gukemura ibibazo by'ingenzi by'inganda zitandukanye zitunganya ibintu n'ibikoresho bitandukanye.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, muri Aziya Pasifika, Afurika no mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, ingano y’ikoreshwa n’umuvuduko w’izamuka ry’ibintu byose bitera imbaraga, harimo no gutunganya, gupima, gukora ibinyabutabire, nibindi, biri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’uturere twateye imbere mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Mu gihe kizaza, kwaguka kwa hydrogenation ya lisansi bizaba ari byo binini cyane, bikurikiwe na hydrogenation yo hagati ya distillate, FCC, isomerization, hydrocracking, naphtha hydrogenation, hydrogenation y'amavuta akomeye (amavuta asigaye), alkylation (superposition), reforming, nibindi, kandi icyifuzo cya catalyst kijyanye nabyo kiziyongera uko byagenda kose.
Ariko, bitewe n'ikoreshwa ry'uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya amavuta, ingano y'ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta ntabwo ishobora kwiyongera uko ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera. Dukurikije imibare y'ibicuruzwa ku isoko, ibicuruzwa byinshi bigurishwa ni ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta (hydrotreating na hydrocracking, bingana na 46% by'ibiteranyo byose), hagakurikiraho ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta bya FCC (40%), hagakurikiraho ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta (8%), ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta (5%) n'ibindi (1%).
Dore ibintu by'ingenzi biranga catalysts zituruka mu bigo byinshi bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga:
Ibigo 10 bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu gukwirakwiza umusaruro
1. Grace Davison, muri Amerika
Grace Corporation yashinzwe mu 1854 ikaba ifite icyicaro gikuru i Columbia, muri leta ya Maryland. Grace Davidson ni ikigo gikomeye ku isi mu bushakashatsi no gukora catalysts za FCC, akaba ari nacyo gitanga FCC na hydrogenation catalysts ku isi.
Iyi sosiyete ifite amashami abiri y’ubucuruzi ku isi, Grace Davison na Grace Specialty Chemicals, hamwe n’amashami umunani y’ibicuruzwa. Ubucuruzi bwa Grace Davidson burimo imashini zikora isuku za FCC, imashini zikora isuku zikoresha amazi, imashini zikora isuku zikoresha ikoranabuhanga zirimo imashini zikora isuku za polyolefin n’imashini zikora isuku, hamwe n’ibikoresho by’ubuhanga bishingiye kuri silikoni cyangwa silikali-aluminium byo gusiga irangi ku mpapuro z’inganda, iz’abaguzi, n’izicapa imashini. Ubucuruzi bw’imashini zikora isuku zikoresha amazi bukorwa na ART, ikigo gihuriweho n’abakora imigabane.
2, Itsinda rya Albemarle American Specialty Chemicals (ALbemarle)
Mu 1887, Arbel Paper Company yashinzwe i Richmond, muri Virijiniya.
Mu 2004, ubucuruzi bwa Akzo-Nobel mu gutunganya amavuta bwaguzwe, bwinjiye ku mugaragaro mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho byo gutunganya amavuta, maze bushyiraho ishami ry’ubucuruzi rya catalyst hamwe na polyolefin catalysts; Bubaye ubwa kabiri ku isi mu gukora catalysts za FCC.
Kugeza ubu, ifite inganda zirenga 20 zikora ibi bicuruzwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru, i Burayi, u Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, Amerika y'Epfo, u Buyapani n'Ubushinwa.
Arpels ifite ibigo 8 by’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere mu bihugu 5 n’ibiro bishinzwe kugurisha mu bihugu birenga 40. Ni yo ikora cyane ku isi ibikoresho bigabanya umuriro bikoresha brominate, bikubiyemo ikoreshwa rya buri munsi, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, imiti, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, inganda z’imodoka, ubwubatsi n’ibikoresho byo gupfunyika.
Ubucuruzi nyamukuru burimo inyongeramusaruro za polymer, katalysts na shimi nziza ibice bitatu.
Hari ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bw'inyongeramusaruro za polymer: ibigabanya umuriro, antioxydants, ibivura n'ibidahungabanya;
Ubucuruzi bwa Catalyst bufite ibice bitatu: imashini itunganya, imashini itunganya polyolefin, imashini itunganya ibinyabutabire;
Imiti myiza Imiterere y'ubucuruzi: imiti ikora (irangi, alumina), imiti myiza (imiti ya bromine, imiti yo mu gasozi) n'indi miti ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi (imiti, imiti yica udukoko).
Mu byiciro bitatu by'ubucuruzi bya sosiyete ya Alpels, inyungu ya buri mwaka y'inyongeramusaruro za polymer yari nini cyane, ikurikirwa na catalysts, naho inyungu yavuye mu binyabutabire byiza ni yo yari nkeya cyane, ariko mu myaka ibiri ishize, inyungu yavuye mu bucuruzi bwa catalysts yariyongereye buhoro buhoro, kandi kuva mu 2008, yarenze ubucuruzi bwa polimas.
Ubucuruzi bwa Catalyst ni bwo bucuruzi bukomeye bwa Arpell. Arpels ni yo isosiyete ya kabiri ku isi itanga catalyst nyinshi zikoreshwa mu kuvura amazi (30% by'isoko ry'isi) ikaba n'imwe mu sosiyete eshatu zikomeye zitanga catalyst nyinshi ku isi.
3. Ibinyabutabire bya Dow
Dow Chemical ni ikigo cy’ibinyabutabire gifite icyicaro gikuru i Michigan, muri Amerika, cyashinzwe mu 1897 na Herbert Henry Dow. Gikora ibikorwa 214 mu bihugu 37, gifite ubwoko burenga 5.000 bw’ibicuruzwa, bikoreshwa cyane mu nzego zirenga 10 nko mu modoka, ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi, amashanyarazi, n’ubuvuzi. Mu 2009, Dow yaje ku mwanya wa 127 kuri Fortune Global 500 na 34 kuri Fortune National 500. Ku bijyanye n’umutungo wose, ni ikigo cya kabiri kinini cy’ibinyabutabire ku isi, cya kabiri nyuma ya DuPont Chemical yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; Ku bijyanye n’amafaranga yinjira buri mwaka, ni nacyo kigo cya kabiri kinini cy’ibinyabutabire ku isi, nyuma ya BASF y’Ubudage; Abakozi barenga 46.000 ku isi; Igabanyijemo ibice 7 by’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa: Imashini zikora, Imashini zikora, Ubumenyi bw’ubuhinzi, Imashini zikora, Imashini z’ibanze, Imashini zikora hidorokarubone n’ingufu, Venture Capital. Ubucuruzi bwa Catalysts ni igice cy’ibinyabutabire bikora.
Kataloge ya Dow irimo: Kataloge ya NORMAX™ carbonyl synthesis; Kataloge ya METEOR™ ya ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol; Kataloge ya SHAC™ na SHAC™ ADT polypropylene; DOWEX™ QCAT™ bisphenol A cataloge; Niyo iyoboye ku isi mu gukora kataloge ya polypropylene.
4. ExxonMobil
Exxonmobil ni ikigo kinini cyane ku isi gicuruza peteroli, gifite icyicaro gikuru i Texas, muri Amerika. Iyi sosiyete, yahoze yitwa Exxon Corporation na Mobil Corporation, yahujwe yongera gushyirwaho ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 1999. Iyi sosiyete kandi ni yo sosiyete mbyeyi ya ExxonMobil, Mobil na Esso ku isi yose.
Yashinzwe mu 1882, Exxon ni yo sosiyete nini cyane ya peteroli muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ikaba n'imwe muri sosiyete ndwi nini kandi zishaje cyane za peteroli ku isi. Yashinzwe mu 1882, Mobil Corporation ni sosiyete mpuzamahanga ihuriweho n'abantu benshi ihuza inganda z'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere, gutunganya no gukwirakwiza peteroli.
Exxon na Mobil bifite icyicaro cyo hejuru i Houston, icyicaro cyo hasi i Fairfax, n'icyicaro cy'ibigo i Irving, muri Texas. Exxon ifite 70% by'ikigo naho Mobil ifite 30%. Exxonmobil, binyuze mu masosiyete ayishamikiyeho, ubu ikorera mu bihugu n'uturere bigera kuri 200 ku isi kandi ikoresha abantu barenga 80.000.
Ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi bya Exxonmobil birimo peteroli na gaze, ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ni cyo kinyabutabire kinini ku isi cya monomer na polyolefin, harimo ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene; Ubucuruzi bw'ibinyabutabire ni ubwa ExxonMobil Chemical. Exxonmobil Chemical igabanyijemo ibice bine by'ubucuruzi: polymers, polymer films, chemical products na technology, naho catalysts ni iz'ishami ry'ikoranabuhanga.
UNIVATION, ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cya ExxonMobil na Dow Chemical Company, gifite ikoranabuhanga rya UNIPOL™ polyethylene ndetse na catalysts za polyolefin zizwi nka UCAT™ na XCAT™.
5. Isosiyete ya UOP Global Peturu Products Company
Yashinzwe mu 1914, ikaba ifite icyicaro gikuru i Desprine, muri Illinois, Global Oil Products ni sosiyete mpuzamahanga. Ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2005, UOP yabaye ishami ryayo rya Honeywell nk'igice cy'ubucuruzi bwa Honeywell's Specialty Materials.
UOP ikora mu byiciro umunani: ingufu zisubiramo n'imiti, ibinyabutabire bikurura, ibicuruzwa byihariye n'ibicuruzwa byihariye, gutunganya peteroli, ibinyabutabire bihumura n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, arumatike n'ibikomoka kuri peteroli, alkili benzene na olefini zigezweho, olefini zoroheje n'ibikoresho, gutunganya gaze karemano, na serivisi.
UOP itanga serivisi zo gushushanya, ubwubatsi, ubujyanama, gutanga uburenganzira na serivisi, ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya no gukora catalysts, molekile sieves, adsorbents n'ibikoresho byihariye byo gutunganya peteroli, peteroli na gaze karemano, hamwe n'impushya 65 z'ikoranabuhanga zihari.
UOP niyo sosiyete nini ku isi icuruza zeolite na aluminium phosphate zeolite, ikaba ifite ibicuruzwa birenga 150 bya zeolite byo gukuraho amazi, gukuraho imyanda no gutandukanya gazi n'ibikoresho by'amazi mu nganda zitunganya imyuka. Ubushobozi bw'umwaka bwo gukora urusenda rwa molekile bugera kuri toni 70.000. Mu rwego rwo gushyiramo urusenda rwa molekile, UOP ifite 70% by'umugabane w'isoko ry'isi.
UOP ni yo sosiyete ikomeye ku isi mu gukora alumina, ikaba ifite ibikoresho birimo pseudo-alumina, beta-alumina, gamma-alumina na α-alumina, itanga alumina ikora neza hamwe n’ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu/silika-alumina.
UOP ifite patenti zirenga 9.000 ku isi kandi yubatse ibikoresho bigera ku 4.000 ikoresheje patenti zayo mu bihugu birenga 80. Mirongo itandatu ku ijana bya lisansi ku isi ikorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya UOP. Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'isabune zishobora kubora ku isi zikorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya UOP. Mu nzira 36 zikomeye zo gutunganya peteroli zikoreshwa ubu mu nganda za peteroli, 31 zakozwe na UOP. Kuri ubu, UOP ikora ibicuruzwa bigera ku 100 bitandukanye bya catalyst na ascorbent kubera ikoranabuhanga ryayo ryemewe n'andi masosiyete, bikoreshwa mu gutunganya nko kuvugurura, gushushanya, gushushanya, gushushanya, gushushanya no gushushanya, ndetse no mu nganda za peteroli harimo no gukora aromatics (benzene, toluene na xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene na cyclohexane.
Katalogeri nyamukuru za UOP zirimo: katalogeri ihindura imyuka, katalogeri ya isomerization ya C4, katalogeri ya isomerization ya C5 na C6, katalogeri ya isomerization ya xylene, katalogeri ya hydrocracking ifite ubwoko bubiri bwa hydrocracking na hydrocracking yoroshye, katalogeri ivura amazi, igikoresho cyo gukuraho sulfurization y'amavuta, kugarura sulfur, guhindura imyuka yo mu mugongo n'ibindi bitera amavuta gusya.
6, ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe gutunganya ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya ART
Advanced Refining Technologies yashinzwe mu 2001 nk'ubufatanye bwa 50-50 hagati ya Chevron Oil Products na Grace-Davidson. ART yashinzwe kugira ngo ihuze imbaraga z'ikoranabuhanga za Grace na Chevron mu guteza imbere no kugurisha imashini zitunganya imyuka ya hydrogenation mu nganda zitunganya imyuka ya hydrogenation ku isi, kandi ni yo sosiyete nini ku isi ikora imashini zitunganya imyuka ya hydrogenation, itanga arenga 50% by'imashini zitunganya imyuka ya hydrogenation ku isi.
ART ihuza ibicuruzwa na serivisi zayo binyuze mu mashami acuruza n'ibiro bya Grace Corporation na Chevron Corporation ku isi yose.
ART ifite inganda enye zikora catalysts n'ikigo kimwe cy'ubushakashatsi ku catalysts. ART ikora catalysts zo gucukura amazi, gucukura amazi mu buryo bworoheje, gucukura isomerization dewaxing, guhindura isomerization na hydrofining.
Ibintu by'ingenzi birimo Isocracking® yo gushushanya, Isofinishing® yo gushushanya, gushushanya, gushushanya mu buryo bworoshye, gushushanya mu buryo bworoshye, gushushanya mu buryo bworoshye, no gushushanya mu buryo bworoshye.
7. Univation Inc
Univation, yashinzwe mu 1997 ikaba ifite icyicaro gikuru i Houston, muri Texas, ni umushinga uhuriweho na ExxonMobil Chemical Company na Dow Chemical Company ku nshuro ya 50:50.
Univation yibanda ku guhererekanya ikoranabuhanga rya polyethylene na catalysts bya UNIPOL™, kandi ni yo iyoboye ku isi mu gutanga impushya z'ikoranabuhanga n'isoko mpuzamahanga ry'imashini zikora catalysts ku nganda za polyethylene. Ni yo ikora kandi igatanga catalysts za polyethylene ku rwego rwa kabiri ku isi, ikaba ifite 30% by'isoko ry'isi. Catalysts z'iyi sosiyete zikorerwa mu nyubako zayo za Mont Belvieu, Seadrift na Freeport muri Texas.
Uburyo bwo gukora polyethylene bwa Univation, buzwi nka UNIPOL™, ubu bufite imirongo irenga 100 ikora polyethylene irimo gukorwa cyangwa irimo kubakwa ikoresheje UNIPOL™ mu bihugu 25, ikaba irenga 25% by'ibicuruzwa byose ku isi.
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya katalyst ni: 1) UCAT™ chromium catalyst na Ziegler-Natta catalyst; 2) XCAT™ metallocene catalyst, izina ry'ubucuruzi EXXPOL; 3) PRODIGY™ Bimodal Catalyst; 4) UT™ deaeration catalyst.
8. BASF
Icyicaro cya BASF gifite icyicaro gikuru i Munich, mu Budage, ni kimwe mu bigo binini cyane ku isi bicuruza imiti bigizwe n’ibicuruzwa birenga 8.000, birimo imiti y’agaciro gakomeye, pulasitiki, amarangi, irangi ry’imodoka, imiti irinda ibimera, imiti y’imiti, peteroli na gaze.
Basf ni yo ikora anhydride ya maleic, aside acrylic, aniline, caprolactam na styrene ifuro. Polypropylene, polystyrene, alcohol hydroxyl n'ibindi bicuruzwa biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi; Ethylbenzene, ubushobozi bwo gukora styrene buza ku mwanya wa gatatu ku isi. Basf ni imwe mu zitanga inyongeramusaruro ku isi, harimo mono-vitamine, multivitamine, carotenoids, lysines, enzymes n'ibirinda ibiryo.
Basf ifite amashami atandatu atandukanye y'ubucuruzi: Ibinyabutabire, Plasitike, Ibisubizo by'imikorere, Ibicuruzwa by'imikorere, Ibinyabutabire by'ubuhinzi na peteroli na gaze.
Basf ni yo sosiyete yonyine ku isi ikora ibijyanye n’ubucuruzi bwa catalyst, ifite ubwoko burenga 200 bwa catalyst. Irimo ahanini: catalyst yo gutunganya amavuta (FCC catalyst), catalyst y’imodoka, catalyst y’ibinyabutabire (catalyst ya chromium y’umuringa na catalyst ya ruthenium, nibindi), catalyst yo kurengera ibidukikije, catalyst yo gukuraho ogisijeni na catalyst yo gukuraho ogisijeni.
Basf ni yo sosiyete ya kabiri ku isi ikora catalysts za FCC, ifite hafi 12% by'isoko ry'isi mu gutunganya catalysts.
9. Isosiyete ya BP British peteroli
BP ni imwe mu masosiyete akomeye ku isi acuruza peteroli, ifite icyicaro gikuru i Londres mu Bwongereza; Ubucuruzi bw'iyi sosiyete bukorera mu bihugu birenga 100 n'uturere, harimo gushakisha no gukora peteroli na gaze, gutunganya no kwamamaza, ingufu zisubiramo, ibice bitatu by'ingenzi; BP igabanyijemo amashami atatu y'ubucuruzi: Ubushakashatsi no gukora peteroli na gaze, Gutunganya no kwamamaza, n'ibindi bigo (ingufu zisubiramo n'izikoreshwa mu mazi). Ubucuruzi bwa BP bukora ibikomoka kuri peteroli ni bumwe mu ishami rishinzwe gutunganya no kwamamaza.
Ibicuruzwa bya peteroli birimo ibyiciro bibiri, icyiciro cya mbere ni ibikomoka kuri aside aromatike na aside asetiki, cyane cyane birimo PTA, PX na aside asetiki; Icyiciro cya kabiri ni olefini n'ibikomoka kuri zo, cyane cyane harimo ethylene, propylene n'ibikomoka kuri ayo mavuta. PTA ya BP (ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukora polyester), PX (ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gukora PTA) n'ubushobozi bwo gukora aside asetiki ni byo bya mbere ku isi. BP yateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryihariye ryo gukora PX rishingiye ku ikoreshwa ryayo rya isomerization catalyst n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukora crystallization. BP ifite ikoranabuhanga rikomeye ryemewe mu gukora aside asetiki ya Cativa®.
Ubucuruzi bwa BP bwa olefini n'ibikomoka kuri zo buherereye cyane cyane mu Bushinwa na Maleziya.
10, Sud-Chemie German Southern Chemical Company
Isosiyete ya Southern Chemical yashinzwe mu 1857, ni sosiyete mpuzamahanga ifite amateka arenga imyaka 150, ifite icyicaro gikuru i Munich, mu Budage.
Isosiyete ya Nanfang Chemical ifite ibigo 77 biyigize mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye, birimo ibigo 5 byo mu gihugu mu Budage, ibigo 72 by’amahanga, biri mu mashami abiri ahuza ibiribwa n’ibikomoka ku bimera, ajyanye n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, gutunganya ibiribwa, ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu kugura, gusuka, gutunganya amazi, kurengera ibidukikije n’izindi nganda kugira ngo bitange ibikoresho bigezweho bya catalyst, ascorbent n’ibikomoka ku bimera.
Ubucuruzi bw'ibikomoka ku bimera bwa Nanfang Chemical Company bugizwe n'Ishami rishinzwe ibikomoka ku bimera. Iri shami rigizwe n'ikoranabuhanga rya Catalyst, ingufu n'ibidukikije.
Ishami rya Catalyst Technology rigabanyijemo amatsinda ane y’ubucuruzi ku isi: catalysts zikoreshwa mu gukora imiti, catalysts zikoreshwa mu gukora peteroli, catalysts zikoreshwa mu gutunganya peteroli na catalysts zikoreshwa mu gukora polymerization.
Ubwoko bw'ibikomoka ku binyabutabire bya Nanfang Chemical bugizwe ahanini na: ibinyabutabire byo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo, peterolikatalyst ya shimi, katalyst ya shimi, katalyst yo gutunganya amavuta, katalyst ya olefin polymerization, katalyst yo gutunganya umwuka, katalyst ya lisansi.
Icyitonderwa: Kuri ubu, Southern Chemical Company (SUD-Chemie) yaguzwe na Clariant!
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-17-2023
